Annotated Bibliography Security and Crime in Cyberspace

Annotated Bibliography Over the last several years, the issue of IT ethics has been increasingly brought to the forefront. This is because of transformations occurring through rapid advancements and the way various applications are utilized. To fully understand what is taking place requires conducting an annotated bibliography on the subject and the impact it is having on these standards. These findings will highlight the overall scope of the challenges and the long term effects they are having on stakeholders. Spinello, R. A. (2011). Regulating Internet Privacy. Cyber Ethics - Morality and Law in Cyberspace. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. In chapter 5, Spinello (2011) found that privacy is becoming a major challenge for all different segments of society. This is occurring in a number of different areas including: consumer spending / buying patterns, inside the home / workplace and the way this technology is applied. Moreover, there is a discussion about the various vulnerabilities of the Internet and how issues such cybercrime / spying have resulted directly from these increases. To address these difficulties, both the US and the EU have adopted various laws governing how data is collected and utilized. (Spinello, 2011) This has resulted in challenges impacting everyone, as balance must be maintained in protecting the interests of free speech. While at the same time, it is ensuring that firms are not abusing the information that is collected on consumers.Show MoreRelatedLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesPhysical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Job-Related Mental Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Burnout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Violence and Crime in the Workplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 External Impacts on Human Resources—Legal Protections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Equal Employment Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Other

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 1471 Words

The Crucible, a novel/play by Arthur Miller displays the chaos of the witch trials within the small town of Salem, Mass. Of the many characters of the novel, John Proctor and Mary Warren are both characters that serve an importance to the novel. The two characters both interact in the stories in different ways. Even though both characters can be seen as minor characters because of their inferior power in the novel, Proctor and Mary Warren serve as important characters to the story line. One reason being the fact that they both bring about problems with and/or against antagonist Abigail Williams such as Mary Warren, who likes the feeling of have authority but gets into unwanted conflict often, and Proctor, who is an very aggressive person†¦show more content†¦While speaking in private at Rev. Parris s house, Abigail confess to Proctor her true intentions, and what she really wants. Upon finding out about Abigail still being in love with him, we start to see Proctor s more agg ressive side. This is shown when he says to Abigail after she speaks badly of Elizabeth, shaking her: Do you look for a whippin ? (Miller 24). This is not Proctor s first time slipping up and over showing his rage and emotion. For he is a very emotional man and confident in his choices and ideas; well except when it comes to his mistake of engaging in any type of relationship with Abigail. After firing Abigail, Elizabeth continues to be suspicious of Proctor. We see this in Act II when Elizabeth starts arguing with Proctor over still having feelings for Abigail or sending her mixed/ the wrong signals. Proctor maybe feeling guilt for his actions but with no other better counter in the argument he turns towards his angrier side. This is evident in his words saying with a violent undertone: You doubt me yet? (Miller 54). Soon after this argument or should it be said during the mid-argument Proctor s anger is now directed to Mary Warren upon her arrival in the house. This is better sho wn/explained by Miller who states As soon as he sees her, he goes directly to her and grabs her by her cloak, furious... shaking her. I ll whip you if you dare leave this house again!

The Social Sciences Free Essays

Assignment-[4] how the relationships between people and traffic are ordered. In this assignment I will try to compare and contrast two views of how the relationship between people and traffic is ordered. The relationship between people and traffic is then examined in chapter 7 of making social lives. We will write a custom essay sample on The Social Sciences or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will be comparing and contrasting the differences and similarities between road traffic engineers Colin Buchanan; and Hans Monderman. Colin Buchanan was commissioned by the UK government in 1961 to start work on the report! Traffic in towns for the Ministry of transport [chapter 7 p. 27] the report was aimed to produce a new design for urban space in order to engineer the efficient distribution and access of a large numbers of vehicles† to a large number of buildings. Achieving a satisfactory standard in our environment for life in towns. [Chapter 7 P. 327] Buchanan had visions of more towns to be organised to the flow of traffic and more roads to be built. The Department of Transport reports between the Second World War and 1969 the Numbers of cars on the roads quadrupled: this meant that not only needed more roads needed to be built but also a new way for towns to live with cars. Chapter 7 p. 326 Silva 2009 Cited Ministry of transport 1963]. The future of choking road cong estion was feared unless the rapid rise in demand for car travel was matched by an increased supply of roads. Buchanan’s concept was built on the explicit principle of segregation, reading from chapter 7 Ordering social life the case of road traffic making social lives: sometimes the strict separation of vehicles and people: cars were afforded their own generously proportioned network and pedestrians were safely tucked away in residential blocks often terminating enquired cul-de-sacs. Silva, Cited Buchanan 2009 p. 329 chapter 7] the whole subject of traffic in towns†¦ Is capable of being put on a rational and quantitative basis. Guesswork and intuition can be largely eliminated: given the necessary information, many aspects or precisely culpable: and there is scope for techniques which will greatly ease the burden of decision between alternative courses of action. Now let’s examine another road traffic engineer and compare this to the Buchannan report. Hans Monder man a road traffic engineer from the Netherlands had different ideas on how to organise traffic and people. Mondermans theory was the removal of all traffic obstacles road signs: traffic lights: and use the spaces left for humans to share the space with motorists. In evidence in 1989 the councillors of Drachten voted to remove every single traffic light and abolish road signs and warning signs. [P. 334 Silva 2009 chapter 7] his concept was that when all traffic obstacles were removed, the space left was to be shared by drivers and pedestrians. His theory was to narrow the roads and also put features alongside them. He planted trees and flowers and also Fountains, this was to discourage drivers from speeding the psychology of it was that they would slow down while driving past these features. Drachten is the town of 43,000 people in the Netherlands Monderman shared space approach was known as the Drachten experiment. [Silva2009, cited councillor Koop kerkestra p. 334]. The head of traffic policy at the town hall of Drachten, â€Å"the lights were causing problems; people were for ever waiting to get across junctions. We also had more than 140 casualties a year. It was difficult to know what to do, and we certainly didn’t want to ban cars as we loved cars here in Drachten. Fortunately I met traffic engineer who had an unconventional solution. [P. 334 chapter 7 Silva, 2009] cited Monderman]. If you treat drivers like zombies they will behave like zombies: explains Monderman in other words, motorists or taught to blindly follow instructions, they stop thinking for themselves, and accidents follow. The above are a few briefs on traffic engineers Hans Monderman and Colin Buchannan who were both tasked with very difficult assignments and both had completely different views on how to manage the traffic flow, although Buchannan was much earlier than Monderman in years, both had quite revolutionary ideas of their times. Trying to compere the similarities between Monderman and Buchanan is not an easy task to undertake, firstly they were both road traffic engineers which are important I guess, and they were both commissioned by governments even though Mondermans commission was through local government. They were both commissioned to create the use of better space and a way to ease the flow of traffic in towns. They both looked at traffic and humans and how each played a role in creating a design for traffic to move more easily. This was also due to the similarity in statistics of ever increasing car owners on the roads, and I suppose a reason to prevent accidents in the future. What are the differences in both these engineers’ â€Å"ideas† plans and concepts of how to manage road traffic between humans and cars? Firstly Buchanan segregated humans from road traffic and built towns on the edges of motorways. Towns were built such as Milton Keynes and many other places with never ending cul de sacs and housing estates which were hard to get to even using the sign posts as it all looked the same. This isolated the towns from the spacious road networks, resulting in later years ever more traffic lights: calming zones and such like. However Monderman wanted to share this space left behind after the removal of traffic lights and all road signs with pedestrian’s †cyclists† and car drivers. Arguments. Buchanan based is road hierarchy on segregating people in towns from traffic? Did this mean primary roads and street roads were placed before motorways? Which streets and roads were best placed to distribute the traffic flow, do Buchanan’s plans still work in today’s modern society, and it seems ever more increasing traffic! We need ever more modern day thinking and new approaches. Buchanan based his road flows from towns: thus the use of the space with segregation from people means many town roads and street roads were cut off from the motorways. Was there enough space left for what we see today in the likes of bus lanes, cycle lanes, did Buchanan foresee this. If he did surely the roads he planned and then subsequently built would be a lot wider. Today we are left with limited amount of space! If you drive down a normal high Street in any town today: you will see that traffic is very crowded and congested, there will be a limited amount of space for cars and vans taxis etc. You will notice that the inside lanes are used specifically for public transport busses. I would certainly argue that the Buchanan report had many flaws using anecdotal evidence put before me. I say anecdotal as I have no evidence to look at as I have to use what is in front of me for this assignment. Now let me turn to Hans Monderman and his vision of the shared space approach. This is very interesting as he relies solely on interaction of the person or persons driving vehicles, with pedestrians: or cyclists. Since all the obstacles of traffic lights and even road kerbs have been removed, this leads all participants having to acknowledge each other and prejudge one another’s next movement. This idea seems like what you see on the TV, in places such as India Pakistan and Asia, which all traffic is moving fast around town centre junctions, which seems quite chaotic to one’s first instinct. They all in fact seem in a frightful hurry and one has no data to rely on? About how many accidents or crashes they may be in places like this. I don’t quite know if this is the same as Hans’s Mondermans shared space theory, but that’s all I’ve got to go on in my argument. What was it Monderman said concerning the use of traffic lights in town centres, with drivers having to obey the instructions given by a set of lights, if you treat people like zombies they will act like zombies [ Silva2009, cited Monderman p. 34] in that this idea is similar to the behavioural social scientist Foucault. Who when studying people and their behaviours: he wrote? People come to see themselves as engaged in â€Å"normal† ways of thinking and behaving through socialisation processes in the family, schools, workplace or public space. In turn, they can contrast themselves with the â€Å"deviant† or abnormal ‘people who lack self-control or self-discipline [a nd therefore behave badly]. [P. 321, 2009]. This is very interesting as he is thinking the same as Monderman in the use of people and their control. Conclusion. Both Buchannan and Monderman were modern day thinkers of engineering and planning road traffic, both had relative success in their tasks and both used people and segregation from cars. Monderman with! Buchannan without! Both ideas are very interesting, although I think Buchannan’s is out-dated by now: but he played a major role in United Kingdom’s traffic engineering. Hans Mondermans idea is really fascinating though and I wonder â€Å"greatly† if it is working and how many other nations will take up this idea. References. Silva. Elizabeth, [2009] Making social lives. United Kingdom the Open University. Milton Keynes. Silva. Elizabeth, [2009] making social order, 7 3[1] pp. 326-328,United Kingdom the Open University. Milton Keynes Silva, Elizabeth, [2009] Making social order, Silva cited Buchanan p. 326 7, United Kingdom the Open University. Milton Keynes Silva, Elizabeth, [2009] making social order 7 Silva cited Koop Kerkestra-Monderman p. 334 Making social order. United kingdom the Open University Milton Keynes. The Open University cited Foucault, [2009] pp-319-322. 7, 2. 2. he social sciences and social order. United Kingdom, the Open University Milton Keynes. Self-reflection, although I have a fair way to go yet I am starting to grasp the basics of social science and how they work and order things, this assignment was my most focused yet and although it is frustrating not being able to find other sources for my work especially on the results of how Monderman and Buchannan’s theories have worked out since they started I think my work could be even better in the future. Word count 1696 including references and self-reflection. How to cite The Social Sciences, Papers

Aspects of Contract and Negligence Click Now To Get Solution

Assignment Task 1: 1) Bob goes into Sams bookshop and sees a book which he wants to buy on display. He takes the book to the counter to pay for it, but Sam tells him that the copy of the book is his only copy and that he has already sold it to Carl, but forgot to remove it from the display. Is Sam entitled to refuse to sell Bob the book? Taking this scenario into consideration explain the importance of the essential elements required for the formation of a valid contract? 2) Discuss the impact of different types of contract and analyse terms in contracts with reference to their meaning and effect? 3) Adam advertises a reward of 1000 for the first person to paddle across the English Channel in a bath from Dover to Calais. Brian sees the advertisement in the newspaper, purchases a bath, and sets out from Dover. On the same day, whilst Brian is in mid-channel, Adam places another advertisement in the same newspaper announcing that the reward is being withdrawn with immediate effect. Unaware of this, Brian continues his voyage and duly arrives in Calais. Brian then claims the reward. Adam refuses to pay. Is Brian entitled to claim the reward? 4) Barry goes into a park which is managed by his local council. He sees a notice which states that chairs are for hire for 50p per hour. Barry pays the 50p and is given a ticket and a chair. Later, the chair collapses under him, damaging his clothes. When Barry complains, the attendant points to a clause on the ticket which states, No liability is accepted for any damage or injury caused by the failure of any hired equipment. Are the council entitled to rely on the clause? Taking this scenario into consideration, apply the elements of contract in given business scenarios, apply the law on terms in different contracts and evaluate the effect of different terms in given contracts Solution: Answer 1: In the present case, the issue that needs to be decided if there is a contract between Bob and Sam and if the essential requirements for the creation of a contract have been fulfilled in this case or not. The law provides in this regard that there is a difference between an offer and an invitation to treat. While an offer is a definite promise in case certain terms are accepted by the other party. On the other hand, a statement is considered as an invitation to treat if it is not intended to be legally binding. Such a statement only invites the other parties to make offers. Generally, an invitation to treat can be found in case of advertisements, auctions and the display of goods in the shops. In Fisher v Bell (1961), the difference between an offer and an invitation to treat was elaborated by the court. Therefore generally the goods displayed for sale by a shop owner is considered as an invitation to treat and not an offer. Therefore the shopkeeper cannot be forced to sell the goods when a person who wants to pay for the goods. As a result of this distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat, it means that if the goods have been mistakenly displayed for sale by a shopkeeper, it is not obligatory to sell the goods to the consumer who wants to purchase them. Another significant case related with the nature of offer made by a party is that of Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists Ltd (1953). In this case, it was held by the court that merely the display of the goods in a store along with its price cannot be considered as an offer but it is only an invitation to treat. On the other hand, the customer made an offer to buy the goods when the goods were placed in the basket. It was for the pharmacist present at the cash desk to accept or reject the offer. In this way, the court stated that the contract was created at the cash desk, in the presence of the pharmacist. As a result of this discussion, it can be said in the present case that Bob had made an offer to buy the copy of the book. On the other hand, Sam had already sold the last copy of the book to Carl. However by displaying the book in the shelf, Sam had only made an invitation to treat and it was for Sam to decide to accept or reject the offer made by Bob. Answer 2: There are different types of contracts like express contracts, implied contracts, contracts under seal, bisexual and unilateral contracts and executed and executory contracts. In the same way, the contents of the contract are called the clauses all the terms of the contract. Generally, several terms are present in an agreement. Even in case of the simplest contracts, there are many terms. Generally the main terms are related with the subject matter of the contract and the price paid by the party under the contract. While generally the business contracts are in written form, and it is also necessary to have written contracts in certain cases like the contract for sale of land or mortgage but the parties also entered into oral contracts. On the other hand, the terms of a contract can be expressed terms or implied terms (Esso Petroleum v Mardon, 1976). The express terms are the terms that have been agreed upon by the parties. Implied terms are the terms that have been placed in the contract by the statute or by the courts. In this way, the statements that are made by the parties during negotiations before entering into the contract can be classified as an express term, a representation or a collateral contract. Similarly, such statement can also be a mere sales puff. Answer 3: In the present case, a reward of 1000 has been advertised by Adam for the first person who is successful in finding across the English Channel in a bath. The advertisement is seen by Brian and he sets out from Dover in a bath. However when he was in mid-channel, another advertisement was placed by Adam in the same newspaper in which it was announced that the reward has been withdrawn. However, Brian was not aware of the second advertisement and the continued with his voyage and ultimately arrived in Calais. Now Brian claims the reward but Adam says that the reward has been withdrawn and therefore he is not liable to pay. The present case is that of a unilateral contract. In case of a unilateral contract which is also known as a one-sided contract, the party making the offer promises in exchange of an act by the other party, who is known as the offeree. Therefore in such a case if anybody acts on the promise made by the offeror, the party making the offer is legally bound to fulfill the contract. As a result, after the offeree has performed the act passed by the party making the offer, there is a legally enforceable promise present between the parties. As against a bilateral contract where mutual promises are exchanged by the parties, a unilateral contract is different. While generally the bilateral contracts are used in case of business transactions like the sale of goods, on the other hand, an example of unilateral contract can be given in the form of reward offers. In such a case, the party that has offered the reward cannot force anyone to fulfill the conditions required for the award. However, if the action has been performed by the offeree, in such a case, the party making the offer can be sued for breach of contract if such party fails to provide the reward after the offeree has fulfilled the requirements of the contract. Therefore it can be said that in case of a unilateral contract, if the potential performers decides to act, there is an agree ment between the parties (R v Clarke 1927). In the present case, an offer was made by Adam when he advertised a reward of 1000 for any person who is successful in padding across the English Channel in a bath. The offer is accepted by Brian when he sees the advertisement and purchases a bath and started from Dover. Therefore, although Adam had withdrawn the reward but by that time, Brian was already in the channel and had not seen the advertisement in which Adam had withdrawn the offer. Therefore, Brian had accepted the offer made by Adam when he started from Dover. After arriving in Calais and becoming the first person to paddle from Dover to Calais, there is a legally enforceable contract between Adam and Brian. As a result, in the present case Brian is entitled to claim the reward announced by Adam. Answer 4: The issue that needs to be decided in this case is if the local council can be held liable for the damage suffered by Barry after the chair taken from the Council on rent collapsed damaging the clothes of Barry, particularly when there is a clause present on the ticket according to which, the Council is not liable for any injury or damage that may be caused by the failure of hired equipment. The facts of this case are somewhat similar to that of Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council (1940). This case is related with offer and acceptance and also the exclusion clauses that may be present in a contract. It was stated by the court in this case that the exclusion clause has not been incorporated by the Council in the contract. In the opinion of any reasonable person, a ticket cannot be considered as something more than a receipt. Therefore it cannot be expected by any reasonable person that the ticket may contain the terms of the contract. Moreover in this regard, the court also stated that it was suggested by the words used in the notice that in this case a deck chair can be obtained by a person and later on a ticket for the same can be obtained. In this way, and often was constituted by the notice and by collecting the chair, the offer was accepted. As a result, the council cannot be allowed to introduce new terms of the contract after the initial contract between the parties has been created. At the same time, the court also stated that the ticket is merely a receipt and it cannot be equated with the railway ticket in which the terms on which the railway company has agreed to carry the passengers are mentioned. In the present case also, the local council has mentioned at the back of the ticket that it cannot be considered as liable for any damage or injury suffered by a person as a result of the failure of hired equipment. In view of the above discussion, it can be said that the exclusion clause has not been incorporated into the contract that has been created between the local council and Barry. As a result, in the present case the local Council cannot rely on the exclusion clause that is present on the ticket in order to exclude the liability of the Council regarding any injury or damage suffered by the other party. Therefore it is clear that the local council cannot rely on the exclusion clause present on the ticket. Assignment Task 2: 1) Contrast liability between contract and tort liability with cases. 2) One night, Mark decides to check in at the Poshplace Hotel, which is owned by Ben. Later that night, Mark is in his room when a masked man enters and threatens to hurt him unless he hands over his valuable antique jewellery. Mark hands it over. The thief later turns out to be Neil, the hotel gardener, who had stolen a master key to the hotel room. Can Mark use ordinary negligence principles in his claim against Poshplace Hotel. Alternatively, can Mark bring a claim in vicarious liability against Poshplace Hotel for the loss of his jewellery 3) In the meantime, downstairs in the kitchen, Roger, the dishwasher, is complaining about the skin rash he has developed as a result of long periods of washing up. Although rubber gloves are available, most employees do not use them. Colin, the head chef, is getting fed up with Roger and in his anger, knocks Roger unconscious with a frying pan. Does Ben, the Hotel Owner, owe Roger a non-delegable duty of care as an employer to provide a safe working environment? Can Roger bring a claim in vicarious liability against Ben for Colins actions. 4) Meanwhile, Mark decides to go to the Hotel pool for a swim. A sign on the pool door reads: Pool closed between 7.00pm and 7.00 am. No entry to visitors during these hours; Dangerous when unattended. Mark reads but ignores the sign and enters. He cannot find the light so just jumps in. In fact, the pool has been emptied and Mark is badly injured and tears his expensive designer swimming trunks. Under the Occupiers Liability Act, will Mark be able to claim for the cost of his designer swimming trunks. Is the Poshplace Hotel liable to Mark under the Occupiers Liability Act 1957. Can the Poshplace Hotel exclude liability to Mark under the Occupiers Liability Act 1984 because of its warning notice. Solution: Answer 1: There are certain similarities in case of the law of contract and tort. For example, both of them fall under the civil law. In both cases, an action is initiated by the claimant against the defendant and in both cases, the claimant is required to establish its case on balance of probabilities. In case of tort as well as the law of contract, the remedies can be avoided if the loss suffered by the claimant is not too remote from the beach of the defendant. Similarly in both cases, generally the remedies are intended to compensate the claimant instead of punishing the defendant (Currie and Cameron, 2000). However at the same time, there are certain significant differences between the law of contract and tort. In case of a claim under tort, it is possible that the defendant did not have any previous relationship or transaction with the claimant. On the other hand, in case of a claim under the law of contract, it is necessary that the claimant and the defendant should be the par ties to the contract. Answer 2: In the present case, due to the reason that the gardener of Poshplace Hotel, Neil has entered the room of Mark during the night with the help of a stolen master key, and took away the valuable indeed jewelry of Mark, it needs to be decided if Mark has a claim against Poshplace Hotel in accordance with the ordinary principles of negligence. On the other hand, it also been decided if Mark has a claim against the Hotel in vicarious liability. An employer can be considered as vicariously liable for the acts of its employees done during the course of employment (Payne, 1958). However in the present case, the theft has been committed by the gardener of the hotel and that too with the help of the master key to the room that was stolen from the hotel. As a result, according to the ordinary negligence principles, Mark has a claim against Poshplace Hotel. The reason is that it was the responsibility of Poshplace Hotel to provide safe accommodation to its guests including Mark. But in the present case, the gardener of the hotel has committed the theft. At the same time, the hotel has also been negligent when Neil succeeded in stealing the master key to Mark's room due to which he was able to enter the room during the night and threatened Mark to hand over the antique jewelry. But in this case, it cannot be said that Poshplace Hotel can be held vicariously liable for the acts of hotel gardener, Neil. The reason is that an employer is vicariously liable for the acts of the employers that have been committed during the course of employment. In the present case, in order to establish vicarious liability of Poshplace Hotel, it is necessary to establish that the act of Neil falls within the course of employment. Answer 3: The employers have a duty towards their employees to provide safe working environment to the employees. In the present case, there are two issues that need to be decided. First of all, it needs to be decided is the owner of the hotel, Ben can be considered as vicarious reliable to Roger for the injuries caused to him by Colin. At the same time, it also needs to be decided if Roger has a claim against Ben for the skin rashes that have been suffered by him due to the long periods of washing. In this regard, the law provides that the employers have a duty of care towards the employees. This means that the employers are required to take all the steps that are reasonably possible in order to ensure the well-being, health and safety of the employees. At the same time, showing concern for the physical as well as the mental health of the employees is not only a legal duty but it also has a clear business case. The reason is that by showing concern for the health of the employees, a trust can be created among the employees and that the same time, the commitment of the employees can also be reinforced. Such a duty can also help the employers in improving boosting productivity, improving staff retention and at the same time, paving the way for more engagement on part of the employees. In this regard, the law provides that the employers should follow the relevant health and safety laws as well as employment laws. At the same time, the employers also have a common law duty of care towards the employees. Apart from it, it was also have a moral and ethical duty which provides that the employers should not cause or failed to prevent injury to the employees. At the same time, the employers should also fulfill their duties in case of the claims that are related with personal injury and negligence (Vera and Brennan, 2008). In the present case, the dishwasher of the hotel, Roger was hit by Colin, who was the head chef of the hotel. As a result, it can be said that the employer of Roger, Ben who is the owner of the hotel is vicariously liable for the injury suffered by Roger. At the same time, as an employer of Roger, Ben also has a non-delegable duty of care which requires that a safe working environment should be provided to all the employees. In this case, Roger has suffered skin rashes due to the long periods of washing. But at the same time, it also needs to be noted that rubber gloves have been provided in this regard but they are not used by most of the employees. Answer 4: In this case, Mark has suffered an injury and also tore his expenses designer swimming trunks after he ignored the signs and jumps into the pool of the hotel. In this regard, the Occupiers' Liability Act, 1957 is related with the duty of care that the persons occupying real property owe towards the persons who visit or trespass the premises. In this way, this legislation deals with the liability of the occupiers that may arise from accidents that have been caused as a result of dangerous or defective conditions present on the premises. In this way, the Occupiers' Liability Act, 1957 covers the liability of the occupiers towards the visitors to the premises (Phipps v. Rochester Corporation, 1955). On the other hand, the Occupiers' Liability Act, 1984 extends the liability of occupiers towards the trespassers also. In this regard, the Act provides that there is a duty of care on part of the occupiers if they have actual or constructive knowledge regarding certain danger prese nt on the premises and also that a trespasser may be near it. It also needs to be noted in this regard that unlike the provisions of Occupiers' Liability Act, 1957, the provisions of 1984 Act only provide for claim in case of death or personal injury of the trespassers and do not allow damages for personal property (Roles v. Nathan, 1963). As a result of the above-mentioned discussion, it can be said that in the present case, although Mark has ignored the warning sign, still Poshplace Hotel can be said to be liable for the injuries suffered by Mark. At the same time, according to the provisions of Occupies Liability Act, 1957, Mark can also blame the cost of his extensive swimming trunks. Regarding the warnings of danger, section 2(4) of the Occupies Liability Act, 1957 provides that a warning cannot be considered as absolving the liability of the occupier unless under the circumstances, such warning can be considered as sufficient for enabling the visitor to remain reasonably safe. Therefore, despite the fact that a warning has been placed by the hotel, Mark still has a claim against the hotel. At the same time, according to section 1(5) of the Occupies Liability Act, 1984, the occupier can discharge the duty of care by taking reasonable steps under the circumstances to give warning regarding the danger. However by on ly providing a warning sign, the duty cannot be discharged. It is necessary that the warning sign should be clear so that the risk becomes obvious to the trespassers. Therefore, Poshplace Hotel can use the warning sign for excluding its liability under the provisions of Occupies Liability Act, 1984. References Bermingham, Vera; Carol Brennan (2008). Tort Law. Oxford University Press Payne, Douglas (1958). "The Occupiers' Liability Act". Modern Law Review (Blackwell Publishing) 21 (4). Currie, S and Cameron, D. (2000) "Your Law" Nelson Thomas Learning, Melbourne, p225 Fisher v Bell 1961 1 QB 394 Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots Cash Chemists (Southern) Ltd [1953] EWCA Civ 6 Esso Petroleum v Mardon [1976] QB 801 R v Clarke - rewards (1927) 40 CLR 227 Chapelton v Barry Urban District Council [1940] 1 KB 532 Phipps v. Rochester Corporation [1955] 1 QB 450 Roles v. Nathan [1963] 2 All ER 908

Ryan Scadlock Essays - British Films, English-language Films

Ryan Scadlock AP English Ms. Mertens Wuthering Heights Essay February 17, 2000 When Wuthering Heights was published it was blasted it's contemporaries as obscene. They railed that Catherine and Heathcliff were the most immoral and in general worst people they had ever had the misfortune of reading about. Although Wuthering Heights has taken it's rightful place as masterwork of 19th century literature and Emily Bront? has receive credit for her work, it is still possible to see where the early attacks are based. Heathcliff especially behaves in a very obtuse manner. The basis for this behavior is Heathcliff's bizarre love/hate relationship with Catherine. His frustrated desire to be with her causes him deep personal pain, which he transfers to other characters in a sadistic attempt to force them to feel that pain as well. Heathcliff and Catherine's relationship is neither stable nor in any way normal. Instead it is full of violent emotions which are either soaring high or dashingly low, with very little between the two. Catherine declares that she and Heathcliff Whatever souls are made of, his and mine are the same(73). Heathcliff desires nothing more than to be with Catherine, but their relationship is undermined by the revelation that Catherine feels that it would degrade me to marry Heathcliff . . .(73). Heathcliff was unsuitable to Catherine because he is poor with no family. However, Edgar Linton has both and for those shallow reasons Catherine marries Edgar betraying Heathcliff's feelings for her and her own feeling as well. Catherine had hoped to marry Edgar but also to keep on loving Heathcliff as well, to have her cake and eat it too. The violence, hatred, love, and passion of Catherine and Heathcliff's relationship is encapsulated in their conversation on Catherine's deathbed: He [Heathcliff] could hardly bear, for downright agony, to look into her face. . . . She was fated, sure to die. ?Oh, Cathy! Oh, my life! How can I bear it?'[Heathcliff speaking] . . . . . . . . . . .. [Catherine speaking,]?I shall not pity you, not I. You have killed me? and thriven on it, I think. . . How may years do you mean to live on after I am gone? . . . . . . . . . . .. I shouldn't care what you suffered. I care nothing for your sufferings. Why shouldn't you suffer? I do!' . . . . . . . . . . .. [Heathcliff answers,]?You know you lie to say I have killed you: . .. I could as soon forget you as my own existence! Is it not sufficient for your infernal selfishness, that while you are at peace I shall writhe in the torments of hell? . . . . . . . . . . .. How cruel you've been?cruel and false. . . . . . . . . . . .. I have not broken your heart?you have broken it; and in breaking it have broken mine. . .. What kind of living will it be when ? oh, God! Would you like to live with your soul in the grave?'(147-48) Love and hate are so closely entwined that they are both expressed in a single sentence. No one will call that exchange ?normal' but it contains the essence of their relationship. Despite the barbs of blame for the situation being thrown there is no doubt that Catherine's death pains Heathcliff to the very soul. Heathcliff becomes determined to share the pain caused by Catherine's betrayal and her death. The victims of his deranged vengeance are Isabella Linton, Edgar Linton, Linton Heathcliff, and Catherine Linton II. The more the worms writhe, the more I yearn to crush out their entails!(140). Clearly a sadistic attitude and one that makes it absolutely clear that Heathcliff's marriage to Isabella is a revenge on both Catherine and Edgar. The marriage of Heathcliff to her sister-in-law is emotionally damaging to an already frail Catherine. Edgar, who despises Heathcliff throughout the novel, is shock and very nearly disowns his sister for marrying a ruffian like Heathcliff. So Heathcliff gets vengeance on Edgar as well. Poor Isabella is caught with a man who does not, in fact never, loved her. She writes Nelly, . There is another motivation for the marriage: money. Though his marriage with Isabella Heathcliff has placed himself in line for not just

Matulka essays

Matulka essays Jan Matulkas Indian Festival in Arizona, leapt out at me from the wall it was hung. To me it was the most stand-out painting of this particular exhibit. The title of the painting helps the understanding of its particular setting. The subjects in the painting are Native Americans dressed in traditional attire as well as elaborate, ornamental costumes. The painting was done from 1917-18 and is considered to be a contribution to the cubist movement. The forms of the subjects have been broken down to simplistic shapes as was popular with cubism. Indian Festival in Arizona is a vibrant piece. The persons involved have no clear definition. The entire composition is satiated with geometric shapes made to look organic and a strong sense of color and value to define the subjects. Color is the most important element utilized in this piece. He ( I am guessing that it is a he) uses bright, warm colors such as reds and oranges right next to darker, cooler colors such as purples and blues to create contrast and develop value throughout the piece and appears to direct your attention to the vivid, flashy, warm colors. That is to say even though the darker colors seem to be in the majority, it is the brighter colors that catch your eye with their flamboyance. He uses repetition with many of the colors and combinations thereof to carry your eye all throughout the painting. How the shape and color of the womans bowl and its intense gold contents are recurring throughout the painting is an excellent example of this technique. The line in this piece is next in importance. The line really impacts the movement of the piece. It seems to help distinguish the characters while at the same time making the painting more abstract and cubistic. He uses some curvilinear lines that are very dynamic throughout the piece and seem to bring the attention down. These lines look to be at a diagonal tilt and curve in different directions a...

Benefits and Health Risks Associated with Energy giving Drinks Essay

Benefits and Health Risks Associated with Energy giving Drinks - Essay Example Another secondary reason for this report is to understand the reasons why these drinks are used widely by youths or, in other words, and the consumption rate is widespread in youths (Aronson, 2011). A keen study, review, and analysis of the literature reveal that other stimulant and caffeine substances enclosed in these drinks have a positive and direct effect on the users too. The intended impact of energy drinks is to improve performance and provide sustenance, endurance, and concentration. Almost every Manufacturer pitches their products in work fields that require sustained alertness. But these drinks too have got no position in the adolescents and children’s diet (American Academy of Pediatrics, 20110). In addition, frequent or extreme intake of caloric energy drinks can largely enhance the risk for obesity or overweight adolescents and children’s. Discussion regarding educating the ‘users; of this drinks on how to use it appropriately, either by people who p articipates regularly in endurance or high-intensity of vigorous physical activity is the aim of the report (Brown, 2013). Energy drinks are grouped among beverages containing modest to relatively high levels of caffeine concentration, which gives a range of 50–505 mg caffeine/serving; 2.5–35.7 mg caffeine/oz, in comparison with other caffeinated beverages such as 6-ounce cup of coffee that range 77–150 mg; 12.8–25 mg caffeine/oz. In other words, energy â€Å"shots† are low-volume that is, 1–2 oz beverages and hence, records even a higher percentage in caffeine concentration more than other energy drinks (orange 100–350 mg; 90–171 mg caffeine/ oz (Maughan, 2001). The stimulants in these drinks include caffeine that is marketed as a provider of mental and physical stimulation (Brown, 2012). The energy drinks sometimes may or may not be carbonated though some; may also contain sugar or other sweeteners, amino acids, and herbal extracts. They are a subset or a division of the bigger group of energy products that include gels and bars, and distinct from drinks which are advertised to improve and enhance any performance (Millward, 2003).

The effect of dystrophin on neuron development in the Central Nervous Essay

The effect of dystrophin on neuron development in the Central Nervous System - Essay Example The DMD is the human gene responsible for providing instructions for making dystrophin. Dystrophin is located in muscles such as cardiac muscles (heart) and skeletal muscles (movement). Small amounts of this hormone are present in the brain specifically in the nerve cells. In cardiac and skeletal muscles, this protein hormone is part of a protein complex which work together to protect and strengthen muscle fibers from injury during contraction and relaxation of the muscles (Hart 23). Dystrophin complex often act as an anchor for connecting each framework of the cells of the muscle with protein lattice and other extracellular matrix. Dystrophin may also play an important role in cell signaling through interacting with proteins which receive and send chemical signals. Little is known so far concerning the functions of dystrophin complex in nerve cells (Hart 24). Some studies have suggested that it plays an important role in the normal functioning of synapses and structure, which are sp ecialized connections existing between nerve cells where the occurrence of cell-cell occurs. In this paper, the focus of ascertaining the effect of dystrophin on neuron development in the Central Nervous System According to Shan and Lihsia (13) dystrophin protein plays an integral role in maintaining muscle membrane integrity. Shan and Lihsia showed that accompanying neuropsychiatric disorder and cognitive impairment often presented in most of the DMD proteins suggests that dystrophin plays an integral role in membrane-cytoskeleton function. The study involved growing c.elegans strains on the nematode growth medium plate at 21 degrees Celsius. Transgenic animals were then generated basing mello et al (1991) standard procedure. In order to generate Punc-119::dys-1 (pLC587), the researchers pieced together the 9.0-kb dys-1 genomic sequence obtained from WRM0611bE10 at an exon 30 with the untranslasted region of cDNA and 169-bp dys-1 3 and 3.9-kb dys-1 cDNA, and subcloned was joined in to the pBluescript II KS vector existing between NotI and XmaI. The researchers then crossed evIs78 (Punc-129::gfp and oxIs12 (unc-47::gfp integrated transgenes into the available respective strains with a view to visulize cholinergic neurons, and GABA. Synchronized the young adult animals of such strains and the synchronized dys-1 larvae for different stages were all mounted on the 2percent agarose pads and then scored for neuronal displacement with a 40? 1.3 NA Neofluar. This was done with an aim of using the microscope with the captured image, which was captured in a camera, along with the imaging software. Shan and Lihsia findings showed that DYS-1/dystrophin helps in regulating locomotion and muscle integrity. The findings of this study, also show that SAX-7 and STN-2/Y-syntrophin functions to maintain the neural integrity in c.elegans. In yet another study Hart Lidov, Timothy Byers, Simon Watkins, and Louis Kunkel (7) scientific study, this researchers came up with antibody (a nti 6-10), which was somewhat more sensitive that the immunolabel dystrophin which were previously available. The researhers then used this anti 6-10 antibody in to investgate whether the asoociation between systrophin and the nervous system. The findings of this study revealed that in the mouse, dystrophin is more abundant in the neurons of the cerebral cortices and the cerebral. This study also revealed that

Childhood Obesity in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Childhood Obesity in America - Essay Example To encourage healthy lifestyles among the American children, there is a need to have collaboration between parents and the education system to encourage healthy lifestyle among children though physical education and healthy diets in addition to the government introducing regulations on marketing of food meant for children consumption. Parents are the greatest contributors in childhood obesity due to their failure to control their children’s eating habits and engagement in physical activities. According to Parizkova and Hills, parents in modern US society have a tendency to prefer eating fast food in restaurants to cooking food at home while also allowing too much television watching by encouraging practices such as having bedroom televisions (396). It is important that parents encourage a healthy lifestyle for their children by cooking for them healthy meals at home. Cooking at home will ensure parents serve their children a balanced diet in addition to having enough portions per sitting. Additionally, limiting the number of hours children spent watching television will encourage other pass time activities such as outdoor games that are more physically engaging. Some people argue that parents can still acquire healthy meals in the restaurants by asking for healthy portions. Although this is partly true, pa rents can exercise more control over what their children consume by taking part in choosing ingredients as well as the process of cooking meals when it is done at home as opposed to in a restaurant. Therefore, preparing food at home becomes the best option when parents want their children to have a balance diet. The high level of childhood obesity in the US is not only as a result of a failure by parents to control the lifestyle of their children, it is also a failure of the education system to teach them about healthy living. Wicks-Nelson and Israel (383) reports

Public Bank Has The Function Information Technology Essay

Public Bank Has The Function Information Technology Essay Public Bank has the function of the mobile banking. Mobile banking is users can perform the services of banking but is through the cell phone or mobile phone. Mobile banking is also known as the M-banking, or SMS Banking. The mobile phone or the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) can be used as the devices for mobile banking. Mobile banking can be used with the mobile phone or even with the PDA. With the mobile banking user can used all mobile banking functions with convenient without going to the bank for these services. But, how many services that are provided is all depends on the bank itself .Now, the user just need to have a mobile phone with the function for the midlet services need to have the Java and mobile information device profile(MID)P 2.0, with general packet radio service(GPRS) or third generation of mobile telephony(3G) access. While for the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) services then need to have the browser and WAP 2.0 with GPRS or 3G access then can use the fun ction of mobile banking. Users can use this mobile banking no matter at where with the condition that has the mobile phone has this function. Those users for the mobile banking will be the business man because they will be busy for their work so it is much more convenient if they can just do their payment and other services through the mobile banking. Besides that, the user also can be teenagers it is because nowadays those teenagers do not have much patient to go for banks to lining up for the payment so they will choose the mobile banking. For those user who want to apply for the PB mobile banking system, they must be the existing internet banking customer .Not only users personal can apply for this services, company also can apply for this services but they need to be the existing corporate e-banking customer and have to go to their Account Branch to register for the PB Mobile Banking services. Users who wish to register for the PB Mobile Banking services can follow the steps which are as follow: There are many services which are available in the PB mobile banking service .For the individual customers, they can use it for account inquiry which can perform inquiry for the account balance whether there are enough credit or not and those inquiries can be anytime whether is pass record or current records or some specific transaction. It also can obtain the pages that enable users view all the details regarding the bank account, make payments, outlook tax forms, and complex a payment plan. Not only that, for the PB customers also can do payments such as registered bill payment ,card payment for themselves, card payment registered for the third party accounts and the loan payment for own and for the registered third party accounts. Now you can just pay it through the mobile banking service and no need go to the bank for these payments. Transaction history is for transactions done earlier and the payment history that included deposit, loan/financing, credit/debit card .The users can view back their current balances and the transaction before that .Users can choose to view the transaction items by date range or by account which are current monthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s or previous monthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s transaction history. If they forget keep record for the month then they can find it back through the payment history so they do not need to worry about it. Besides that, PB it also have the services of funds transfer. Customers can transfer their funds between members of them but they need to own an account before doing that. They also need to registered 3rd party accounts and registered the interbank GIRO. Users can easily transfer their money between users of the same banks or they even also can transfer their money to the other banks. Not only that, for the PB customers also can do payments such as registered bill payment ,card payment for themselves, card payment registered for the third party accounts and the loan payment for own and for the registered third party accounts. Now you can just pay it through the mobile banking service and no need go to the bank for these payments. PB individual users also can do investments with the registered account .After the users decide which to invest in they can pay through the mobile phone. PB also provide for the cheque management, with this users can also request cheque book, stop cheque and check status inquiry. There are so many benefits of using PB mobile banking. Firstly is that it help to save time for the users .Nowadays most citizens are busy with their job, they do not have sufficient time to go to the bank just for those payment but now with this services they can just use the mobile phone and just press a few buttons then the transactions will be done. So you do not even have to go to the bank and queue up. Besides that, this PB services is easy to use. Nowadays almost all people own a mobile phone and the users mostly will be familiar with all the functions .Mobile banking services is easy to use you just need to press a few buttons and follow whatever instruction that is provided and save the transactions made then the transaction is consider success fully executed. Next is that the PB mobile banking services can help users reduce cost. PB provides this facility at the lower costs if compared to conventional banking itself. Users using this service can save a lot of money for the long period. There are few disadvantages also if using the mobile banking services. Firstly is that the security of using the services. While using this services may be will have such viruses that hack the phone and try to get the users important information and it will may not immune. This will strongly harm the user and may cause them lost their important data or information like password, money and others. Sometimes the user can also be susceptible to a phishing-like scam called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“SMiShingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This is happened when the user receives a fake text message that request for the accounts details. Next disadvantages of using PB mobile banking services that are the compability of the mobile phone. Not all type of mobile phone is suitable for mobile banking services; this service requires some important function to access in the services. Although some mobile phone has the capacity to browse the internet through mobile phone but the phone cannot support the anti- virus inside. PB mobile banking services have so many functions and benefits and also disadvantages. So consumers should fully utilize this type of convenient because it really helps a lot but also need to think how to protect their self.

Ancient Greece: A Time Of Great Cities And Lives :: Ancient Greece Essays

Ancient Greece: A Time Of Great Cities And Lives Ancient Greece was an interesting time and place with huge markets in which people could sell items of every kind. Strict laws with even stricter penalties if broken, a place where women were did not have as many rights as they do today, and along with the most outstanding army in their time. A quote that goes along with this time is; "I have killed one I have killed two -- the vampire who said he was youo." - Sylvia Platts. Likewise in the Ancient Greeks so called modern civilization, which has often been compared with the Nazi Germanies ethics of male domination. very cruel and yet enticing time to be alive. "Get your pots and pans..." Compared to today Ancient Greece was a city far ahead of its time and possibly the time in which people now live. Down in the streets of there was always someone willing to buy, trade or sell anything that you had or desired. With Ancient Greeks booming economy it's no wonder that it attracted almost one quarter of the worlds businesses and various smiths. These included bronze smiths, tanners and potters. It is no wonder that Ancient Greece was in its time considered the beginning of the of a new era that would be recognised as the centre of the worlds economy and was to be home to more than twice as many shops and people than the city already held. Although women in the world today are always talking about women and their rights and how they deserve to be equal in everything that they do and receive, it was not a problem to Greeks in their society which has been described as a place where women's freedom was restricted and their lives were restricted to that of a slave in some cases but was really no different than a women's freedom in today's society. In Greece it was a mans world in which a man could do what he pleased to a certain extent of the law. Which is better than today due to women's rights movements and decency laws that have been implemented in the past years. It also would have been interesting to see how the women really were treated instead of from books and and assignments. Along with all of the amazing feats that Greeks accomplished it is of no surprise that they had one of the strongest and most feared armies in all of the world in its time. Of all the battles and wars that the Ancient Greeks army had Ancient Greece: A Time Of Great Cities And Lives :: Ancient Greece Essays Ancient Greece: A Time Of Great Cities And Lives Ancient Greece was an interesting time and place with huge markets in which people could sell items of every kind. Strict laws with even stricter penalties if broken, a place where women were did not have as many rights as they do today, and along with the most outstanding army in their time. A quote that goes along with this time is; "I have killed one I have killed two -- the vampire who said he was youo." - Sylvia Platts. Likewise in the Ancient Greeks so called modern civilization, which has often been compared with the Nazi Germanies ethics of male domination. very cruel and yet enticing time to be alive. "Get your pots and pans..." Compared to today Ancient Greece was a city far ahead of its time and possibly the time in which people now live. Down in the streets of there was always someone willing to buy, trade or sell anything that you had or desired. With Ancient Greeks booming economy it's no wonder that it attracted almost one quarter of the worlds businesses and various smiths. These included bronze smiths, tanners and potters. It is no wonder that Ancient Greece was in its time considered the beginning of the of a new era that would be recognised as the centre of the worlds economy and was to be home to more than twice as many shops and people than the city already held. Although women in the world today are always talking about women and their rights and how they deserve to be equal in everything that they do and receive, it was not a problem to Greeks in their society which has been described as a place where women's freedom was restricted and their lives were restricted to that of a slave in some cases but was really no different than a women's freedom in today's society. In Greece it was a mans world in which a man could do what he pleased to a certain extent of the law. Which is better than today due to women's rights movements and decency laws that have been implemented in the past years. It also would have been interesting to see how the women really were treated instead of from books and and assignments. Along with all of the amazing feats that Greeks accomplished it is of no surprise that they had one of the strongest and most feared armies in all of the world in its time. Of all the battles and wars that the Ancient Greeks army had

Providing a Method to Learning

The universal conceptualisation of love is a subject of many a poet and writer throughout history. As such, each is relevant to their specific periods and their specific value systems. This can be seen in the text; â€Å"Sonnets from the Portuguese† by Elizabeth Barret Browning, where Browning explores a Romantic vision of love and romance through the abandonment of the Petrachan sonnet from. Likewise, the text â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald, explores the turmoils of love in the 1920’s; a world obsessed with materialism and hedonism.Thus through the ways in which each author produces a narrative relevant to the values and contexts of their particular contemporaries we are able to discern how the theme of the transformative power of love and spirituality continues to be avid topics of literature today. In Sonnet 1, Browning conveys the Romantic idea of love and spirituality against the prudish rationalism of the Victorian era. Her Greco-allusion â €Å"How Theocractes had sung†¦Ã¢â‚¬  references the 3rd century BC Greek pastoral poet – mourning the lost ‘art’ of renaissance passion.The aural metaphor reflects how poetry as â€Å"a craft,† had been lost – the past tense reinforcing that love as spiritual and not materialistic is neglected by Victorian culture. This is echoed in the lines: â€Å"of the sweet years, the dear and wished for years†, in which Browning utilizes assonance to accentuate the repetition of â€Å"years†; rhymed in the line, â€Å"through my tears† to emphasize the Victorian’s shifting focus of love to a convention of marriage that relies upon dowries and status.The enjambment, â€Å"who by turns had flung / A shadow across me† is a metaphor illustrating her isolation and sadness in this context – the literal shadow cast by Browning â€Å"across† her is a simulacrum of Victorian conservatism. Her subversion of the pet rachan form is evident as the Volta is linked and the Iambic pentameter has been broken; conveying the challenge expressed by Browning toward the rationality of the Victorian mindset and her embrace of the Romantic idealism of love and spirituality, as Browning has progressed from a solipsistic interest in grief and isolation to an affirmation of love, firmly grounded in reality.In contrast F Scott Fitzgerald reflects the roaring 20’s distillation of love into pragmatism and materialism, forsaking traditional romanticisms such as spirituality and hope. Juxtaposed against the Victorian suppression of passion, the wildly liberalized and sexually expressive twenties are expressed by Fitzgerald to be detrimental to the development of love. â€Å"Chatter†¦ laughter†¦ innuendo†¦meetings between women who never knew each others names,† in which Nick’s observations become anecdotes of accepted social behaviour.Exemplars such as â€Å"Jordan was going to yield him up her person sooner or later† illustrates the same loss of the universal language of love that Browning laments for the Victorian, as hyper-sexualisation of relationships erode spiritual values of love. This awkward inability to understand love for its own sake can be observed in Nick’s indecisive tone â€Å"I wasn’t actually in love but I felt a sort of tender curiosity,† and his mechanical metaphor of his own emotions and passions, â€Å"But I am†¦ full of interior rules that acts as breaks.† The contextual idea that love and hope are no longer associated with romantic relations is lastly compounded in his admission that â€Å"I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known. † Illustration that even stripped of pretence and lust, he is unable to interpret love as anything other than hedonism. Browning reflects her strict Victorian patriarchal context through her exploration of the transformative power of love. Sonne t 14 is a subversion of the petrachan sonnets; conveying her assertive role in marriage.â€Å"For these things in themselves, beloved, may/ be changed, or change†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Here the persona challenges the petrachan tradition, which confronts the traditional conventions of Victorian women through the repetitive â€Å"I love her for her smile†¦her look†¦her way of speaking gently †, mocking gender expectations of womanly behaviour. The repetitive juxtaposition in â€Å"changed, or change†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , and the anadiplosis in â€Å"love so wrought /May be unwrought so†, highlights how easily love may come undone when it is based on transient qualities – by literally attaching prefixes to devotional connotations. The imperative tone ofcommand delivered in â€Å"neither love me for thine own pity wiping my cheeks dry. † This paradox of â€Å"neither† suggests her rejection of the feminine role of women. Her dismissal of the ephemeral attr actions of the physical is not only a rejection of Victorian female stereotypes, but also a statement to the transformative power of true love. In comparison to Browning, F Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby explores the lack of the transformative power of love in prohibition America and the need for society to adopt moral values. The â€Å"Jazz Age’ see women as sexual beings and mainstreamed the idea that repression was self-destructive.This sexual liberation is personified in Jordan Baker; whose androgyny and lifestyle is summed up by her symbolic name as two automobiles. She is a dichotomy of the 20s, the freedom and destruction afforded by a period of rapid industrialization. Jordan is the antithesis to Browning, whose deliberate vocabulary seeks happiness within a restrictive setting – she is instead careless, selfish, and immoral. Nick describes her self-serving pragmatism â€Å"too wise to carry well forgotten dreams from age to age†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This indicates a lack of hope and spirituality in her philosophy of life, which is emphasized through the repetitive â€Å"age†.The foreboding tone created through the assonance in â€Å"turned abruptly away and ran up the porch stairs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  illustrates her selfishness towards a Nick who cannot satisfy her own need for careless happiness. Thus Jordan embodies the egocentric love feared by Browning – a love lacking all transformative power and instead focuses solely on self-pleasure. Thus through the analysis of poetic and narrative techniques we are able to see how both author’s are engaged by and through the worlds in which their narrative is produced as a result of their context and values.

Free Essays on Expository Writing

When looking on the outside of Beeghly library and college hall you wouldn’t think that these two buildings have any thing in common. However on the inside these two buildings have a lot in common. From books to classroom both serve a purpose to educate are young adults. Beeghly library was constructed in 1886 and dedicated in 1888, while the library was built in 1967. College halls architect is that of a Victorian gothic, while the library is considered an English Gothic. The difference between these two is obvious if you gaze to the outside of the buildings. College hall is a rectangle shaped building, while Beeghly library is round kind of oval shaped building. Both buildings have classrooms in them. College Hall’s buildings are on the second floor, while the library has one classroom in the basement. So both of them are used to teach and educate young adults. However Beeghly Library has a large amount of books, videos and magazines, While College Hall really has none of these things on the inside. College hall is home to many things like the business office, financial aid office, Admission office and the register office. College hall also contains a chapel, Rickley Chapel. Which is used for a lot of things the main reason is for religion while the other is used for holding speeches and meetings. The library does not having anything like this, however it does have a media center. The media center service a lot of purposes from making and laminating flash cards to using computers specialized in cretin things. On the other hand Beeghly Library has a lot of different things that College Hall does not have. For example storage space for books the library has many books stored away and has more room to store even more books. The library also has room for reading space and for group work. They have books that can be taken out and a copy machine for copying articles out of books. College hall has none of these things.... Free Essays on Expository Writing Free Essays on Expository Writing When looking on the outside of Beeghly library and college hall you wouldn’t think that these two buildings have any thing in common. However on the inside these two buildings have a lot in common. From books to classroom both serve a purpose to educate are young adults. Beeghly library was constructed in 1886 and dedicated in 1888, while the library was built in 1967. College halls architect is that of a Victorian gothic, while the library is considered an English Gothic. The difference between these two is obvious if you gaze to the outside of the buildings. College hall is a rectangle shaped building, while Beeghly library is round kind of oval shaped building. Both buildings have classrooms in them. College Hall’s buildings are on the second floor, while the library has one classroom in the basement. So both of them are used to teach and educate young adults. However Beeghly Library has a large amount of books, videos and magazines, While College Hall really has none of these things on the inside. College hall is home to many things like the business office, financial aid office, Admission office and the register office. College hall also contains a chapel, Rickley Chapel. Which is used for a lot of things the main reason is for religion while the other is used for holding speeches and meetings. The library does not having anything like this, however it does have a media center. The media center service a lot of purposes from making and laminating flash cards to using computers specialized in cretin things. On the other hand Beeghly Library has a lot of different things that College Hall does not have. For example storage space for books the library has many books stored away and has more room to store even more books. The library also has room for reading space and for group work. They have books that can be taken out and a copy machine for copying articles out of books. College hall has none of these things....

Free Essays on Minimum Wage

The Minimum-Wage Controversy When receiving paychecks, most employees will agree that one can never be paid enough, however, their employers may disagree with that statement and believe that they are getting paid far greater than they are entitled to. Thus creating a conflict between minimum wages. Minimum wage is the least amount of money that an employer may pay their employees. The federal minimum wage that is experienced by many members of the United States, currently is at $5.15, and is under debate as to whether or not it should be raised an additional dollar per hour, to make the minimum wage $6.15 (1). As a result of dissatisfaction with the minimum wage, debates whether or not the wage should be lifted to please more workers are currently taking place. The process to finding the perfect minimum wage to please both employee and employer are still under way, and has been an important controversial issue for many decades. For many, a raise in minimum wage would be fantastic, ma inly employees. For others such as employers, they look down upon the idea of increasing the salary for their workers. The process for increasing the minimum wage would start by paying fifty cents more on January 1st of 2001, and adding the other fifty cents exactly one year later on January 1st of 2002 (1). â€Å"Through this proposal, it would allow for business tax breaks worth $76 billion dollars over ten years, which is down from $122.7 billion in an earlier House version of the bill† (1). As unemployment has reached a recent 30-year low, some employers are looking to change this fact around by hiring in greater numbers (3). But as employers may in fact do try to change this unemployment trend, this also means more money will be spent on trying to match the minimum wage. If they should try and match the minimum wage, the employer will be spending more money just to have more workers that he may not need. Say the minimum wage stayed the same for a while, ... Free Essays on Minimum Wage Free Essays on Minimum Wage It’s Time to Raise the Minimum Wage The current minimum wage does not allow a full-time worker supporting a two-person family to reach the federal poverty line. However, increasing the minimum wage is not a simple undertaking. There are many concerns and questions to address. Business owners are concerned about the expense of raising the minimum wage. Many legislators believe the majority of the minimum wage workforce is teenagers earning money for luxuries. This report will discuss the history of the minimum wage, exceptions to the regulation, demographics of the minimum wage workforce, real value of the minimum wage, and economic feasibility of raising the minimum wage. Based on my research, it is my recommendation that the minimum wage should be raised. The Beginning of the Minimum Wage: The Fair Labor Standards Act The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938 set the work week and overtime guidelines, child labor restrictions, and the first minimum wage. Opponents of the act resented the governmental mandates on private business operations. Organized labor unions were concerned that the minimum wage would become a maximum rather than a beginning point. The proponents of the action wished to improve the living conditions of the working poor and create new jobs by shortening hours and setting overtime standards (Cong. Dig., 2000). The federal minimum wage is currently $5.15 per hour. Exceptions to the Minimum Wage Regulation Employers are allowed to pay only 50 percent of the minimum wage to employees who regularly receive $30 per month in tips. The employee must receive at least the minimum wage when the hourly pay and tips are combined. Several states wage/hour laws remove this exception from the law (Cong. Dig, 2000). This exception shifts the burden to pay employees from the employers, to the customers and employees themselves. Earning tips is difficult in businesses with fewer customers, low... Free Essays on Minimum Wage The Minimum-Wage Controversy When receiving paychecks, most employees will agree that one can never be paid enough, however, their employers may disagree with that statement and believe that they are getting paid far greater than they are entitled to. Thus creating a conflict between minimum wages. Minimum wage is the least amount of money that an employer may pay their employees. The federal minimum wage that is experienced by many members of the United States, currently is at $5.15, and is under debate as to whether or not it should be raised an additional dollar per hour, to make the minimum wage $6.15 (1). As a result of dissatisfaction with the minimum wage, debates whether or not the wage should be lifted to please more workers are currently taking place. The process to finding the perfect minimum wage to please both employee and employer are still under way, and has been an important controversial issue for many decades. For many, a raise in minimum wage would be fantastic, ma inly employees. For others such as employers, they look down upon the idea of increasing the salary for their workers. The process for increasing the minimum wage would start by paying fifty cents more on January 1st of 2001, and adding the other fifty cents exactly one year later on January 1st of 2002 (1). â€Å"Through this proposal, it would allow for business tax breaks worth $76 billion dollars over ten years, which is down from $122.7 billion in an earlier House version of the bill† (1). As unemployment has reached a recent 30-year low, some employers are looking to change this fact around by hiring in greater numbers (3). But as employers may in fact do try to change this unemployment trend, this also means more money will be spent on trying to match the minimum wage. If they should try and match the minimum wage, the employer will be spending more money just to have more workers that he may not need. Say the minimum wage stayed the same for a while, ...

Gender, politics, and citizenship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender, politics, and citizenship - Essay Example This is women activist implemented liberation movement that focused on women rights. Understanding the way racism, class, ethnicity and sexual orientation interconnect with gender issues are significant in creating a social meaning and political effects; thus providing active citizenship engagement in the contemporary society. The two readings of Lowe and Davis are complementary for understanding gender, politics and citizenship because this is one way of informing development policy. 0.. The two readings from the Davis and Lowe make an attempt of revealing the way gender affects women more than many in the society. The author’s main point revolves around gender politics and the political figures of women. This is through exposing us to the women’s liberation movement as a way of fighting for civil rights and working class issues in society. Both authors try to unmask the side of fighting for women’s suffrage. This ties the issues of anti- slavery especially for Asian immigrants and the introduction of anti- slavery activist for the purpose of struggling for the women’s suffrage. They attempt to reveal the way racism, ethnicity, class and sex differences have divided members of women movement. Other main arguments involve cultural differences and linguistic forms of a nation that creates contradictions in the political sphere. It also creates impact on citizenship towards the identity of a nation. Both authors also focus on women’s history, suffrage and work coalitions. Davis and Lowes’ readings are complementary for understanding gender, politics or citizenship. This is because the three terms as being described in the two readings seem to work side by side. They are interwoven in a manner that reveals the way gender affects women’s roles and their status in the society. Davis (2) defines gender by focusing on race and class as the aspects that contribute to political differences among various citizens. She reve als the way racism and class contributes to social and cultural differences. These inequalities contributed to political issues whereby women activist in history during the women’s emancipation made an attempt of maintaining justice. The abolitionist movement aimed to address issues that women are undergoing including the education inequalities and voting rights. Therefore, under the prominent women activist such as Elizabeth Candy and Susan Anthony among others, women were able to achieve their rights. This marked the new beginning of political history whereby women were allowed to enjoy similar opportunities like men. Moreover, both authors attempt to define gender as socially constructed norms, values and ideologies that determine the behaviors or action of male and female in the society. Understanding the notion behind gender issues is significant in determining power dynamics behind an individual’s access towards resource sharing or distribution, the ability for o ne to make the decision and the way different sexes are impacted by the political process or social development. They define gender aspects on citizenship as the affirmation or exercising  the  rights  of women in order  to promote equality. For instance, women tend to be more discriminated than men in the society, in all key aspects including education, political issues and decision making process. They take fewer controls on economic and political resources; thus incorporating gender aspects and political issues into programs

A Case of Corporate Ethical Failure, and Discuss Where Blame Might Be Essay

A Case of Corporate Ethical Failure, and Discuss Where Blame Might Be Assigned - Essay Example According to the research findings, in an environment where an employee does what he or she wants, there tends to be the ethical failure in the leadership. These failures often affect the productivity of an organization because there is lack of clear direction on how things should be done in the organization. Organisations need to establish an ethical code that guides the behaviors of employees including the top management. However, where such the ethical code of conduct is ignored by the workers, then an organization is exposed to different problems including ethical leadership failures. Ethical failures in any organization result from what people do at the workplace. In addition, ethical failures are created as a result of the behaviors and thinking that is supported by the organization in general. The individual behaviors that may cause ethical failures include ignoring boundaries, lack of self-control, the entitlement view, self-interest, lacking moral compass and crowd following . On the other hand, organization culture that can lead to ethical failures include lack of clarity regarding ethical conduct in the organization, lack of effective leaders to act as role models, lack of accountability, shifting blame and there is no performance integration and things are done incorrectly in the organization. A former manager of the Siemens testified regarding unethical practice in the company that involved slashing funds and bribery which amounted to corporate corruption. The manager testified on his role in the bribery scandal that was first exposed by German prosecutors in 2006. This corruption scandal has tarnished the name of the company resulting in two top executives losing their jobs. In addition, the remaining executives still faced fines and indictments that amounted to billions of euros because of the corporate corruption.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 105

Summary - Essay Example as an agent of black culture was unquestioned, being rejected by the people he represented, at time when they were required to be struggling for each other, was a rejection while being in the minority (Adelt, 2010, 13). Remarkably, this is what brought his feelings of being black twice. This photograph is one of a black man in a sea of white rock and roll fans. Although this combination of audience was one B. B. King was not accustomed to and one that he was not comfortable with, the photograph shows him greeting the fans showing that he was appreciative of the opportunities that presented themselves. The photograph on page 25 is the B. B. King’s â€Å"Indianola Mississippi Seeds† album cover. The cover photograph was of a watermelon curved out in the shape of a guitar placed in from of an old amplifier. At a time where there were still purist in the music industry, the photograph expressed the need to remain true and the guitar gave a clear rock reference. This image is not fixed to any racial construct. Post WW II Germans and Europe at large had a respect for jazz and blues and American artist found a growing audience. This was revealed by the shift in the racial construct of blues and what they represented, restriction. The American Folk Blues Festival brought Memphis Slim and other African American blues performance to both Germany and other European countries (Adelt, 2010, 78). This was an attempt at modernizing Germans with African American blues. This was a noble cause however, they were not fully prepared to accept an art form that had primarily been performed black to a black audience and were not yet ready to accept a primitive form of art while wanting to be modern. This complicated dialogues of racism in that in rejecting the blues, which served as an anti-racist strategy they, we in fact being ignorant and rejecting the artist that sang the music, which could be viewed as a form of prejudice or ignorance of the things that transpired among

Importance of Literature Essay Example for Free

Importance of Literature Essay Literature is the foundation of life. It places an emphasis on many topics from human tragedies to tales of the ever-popular search for love. While it is physically written in words, these words come alive in the imagination of the mind, and its ability to comprehend the complexity or simplicity of the text. Literature enables people to see through the lenses of others, and sometimes even inanimate objects; therefore, it becomes a looking glass into the world as others view it. It is a journey that is inscribed in pages, and powered by the imagination of the reader. Ultimately, literature has provided a gateway to teach the reader about life experiences from even the saddest stories to the most joyful ones that will touch their hearts. From a very young age, many are exposed to literature in the most stripped down form: picture books and simple texts that are mainly for the sole purpose of teaching the alphabet etc. Although these are not nearly as complex as an 800-page sci-fi novel, it is the first step that many take towards the literary world. Progressively, as people grow older, they explore other genres of books, ones that propel them towards curiosity of the subject, and the overall book. Reading and being given the keys to the literature world prepares individuals from an early age to discover the true importance of literature: being able to comprehend and understand situations from many perspectives. Physically speaking, it is impossible to be someone else. It is impossible to switch bodies with another human being, and it is impossible to completely understand the complexity of their world. Literature, as an alternative, is the closest thing the world has to being able to understand another person whole-heartedly. For stance, a novel about a treacherous war, written in the perspective of a soldier, allows the reader to envision their memories, their pain, and their emotions without actually being that person. Consequently, literature can act as a time machine, enabling individuals to go into a specific time period of the story, into the mind and soul of the protagonist. With the ability to see the world with a pair of fresh eyes, it triggers the reader to reflect upon their own lives. Reading a material that is relatable to the reader may teach them morals and encourage them to practice good judgement. This can be proven through public school systems, where the books that are emphasized the most tend to have a moral-teaching purpose behind the story. An example would be William Shakespeare’s stories, where each one is meant to be reflective of human nature – both the good and bad. Consequently, this can promote better judgement of situations, so the reader does not find themselves in the same circumstances as perhaps those in the fiction world. Henceforth, literature is proven to not only be reflective of life, but it can also be used as a guide for the reader to follow and practice good judgement from. The world today is ever-changing. Never before has life been so chaotic and challenging for all. Life before literature was practical and predictable, but in present day, literature has expanded into countless libraries and into the minds of many as the gateway for comprehension and curiosity of the human mind and the world around them. Literature is of great importance and is studied upon as it provides the ability to connect human relationships, and define what is right and what is wrong. Therefore, words are alive more than ever before.

Organisational studies The effective of Team work and problems faced

Organisational studies The effective of Team work and problems faced 1- Introduction Groups and teams form a key part of life in work organization, coordination and cooperation are the most activities taking place within organizations which is only achieved by people working together. We always work as groups in our families, communities and educational systems, neighborhoods. There is no suspicion that the success of organization depends on the performance of its groups and teams. And by mobilizing groups and team the organization can meet its competitive demand in the challenging environment In the last years competitive environment have lead to the managers to concern and ensure more on the groups and teams performance very well. By implementation teamwork in the organization its lead to reduce the costs and to increase the profits which are the key in any competitive market in todays economic climate. Managing groups is the most important aspect because most of the organization work done within group so to manage this group its requires Planning- Organizing- Leading- Controlling (P-O-L-C) functions. This paper illustrate understanding the meaning of teamwork and groups and identifying the varied types of team and the three level of structure which are influencing teams and its importance in the organization behavior, understanding of tools and techniques that increasing the effectiveness of teamwork in organization. Extend analysis of group and team working. And critically important to understand how groups and teams contribute to organization effectiveness. While their effect is potentially positive. 2- Teams in Organization At the beginning of 1990s the use of teams within organization has been raised dramatic, such as the Miller Brewing Company increasing productivity 30% by using teams comparing with traditional organization. And also many organization they obtained benefits by using teams, Instruments in Malaysia to reduce defects from 100 parts per million to 20 parts per million. Furthermore, Westinghouse reduced its cycle time from 12 weeks to 2 weeks, and Harris Electronics was able to achieve an 18% reduction in costs.(  [1]  ) Many companies switch to use teams and they did good job like Square D, they changed to self-directed teams and found that overtime on machines, than the production increased because the setup operators were able to control the work in much more effective ways than a manager could say.(  [2]  ) 2.1. Definitions of Effective Teams One of the most popular definitions by Schein defines a group in psychological terms as any number of people who interact with one another; are psychologically aware of one another; and perceive themselves to be a group (  [3]  ) Handy confirms this more simple-mind as any collection of people who perceive themselves as a group (  [4]  ) however both of this two definition doesnt summarize why people work as a group, maybe this definition is better a group is a collection of two or more people who interact with one another regularly to achieve common goals. In the a group within this definition, members Are mutually dependent on one another to achieve common goals and Interact regularly with one another to pursue those goals over a sustained period of time. (  [5]  ) Effective group is a group achieves high level of task performance and human resource performance in the standers sense of quantity, quality and timeline of work tasks. And a group whose members believe that their participation and experiences are positive and meet important personal needs. (  [6]  ) 2.2. Types of groups (Formal and Informal groups) In organization, the groups can classify by two basic types Formal and Informal Groups. Formal Group: Its an official group of people who designed to serve specific organizational purpose, and its contain of managers, subordinates, or both close relations among group members that influence the behavior of individuals in the group. The head of the formal group is responsible for the groups performance, but all members contribute the required work. Managers are typically seen as playing a key linchpin role that ties group horizontally and vertically with the rest of the organization.(  [7]  ) Informal group: Informal groups are groups that appear unofficially and are not formally designed as parts of the organization, and contain of two or more individuals who are related with one another in ways not prescribed by the formal organization. And they occur through spontaneous personal relationships and specific interest. Not by organization support. Friendship group contains of a group of people which they have a good relation with natural affinities to each other. And they prefer to do work together and even smoking, eating lunch and also socialize together. 3- Stages of Group Development There is a robust model in 1965 which is still widely used today presented by American organizational psychologist Bruce Tuckman. He proposed a four stages map of group evaluation known as Forming- Storming- Norming- Performing Model.(  [8]  ) and then he enhance his model by adding the fifth stage called Adjourning. Figure 1.1. Stages of a Group Development Model Forming Stage In the forming stage the group members maybe know each other for the first time or maybe there some members know each other, and the group come to gather for the first time so initial of this stage the group member start thinking about the future and the next stage, and member ask some question as he begin to identify with other group members and with the group itself, because the high level of uncertainty, and the member tend to act more polite and avoid conflict and observant. Storming Stage In the storming stage of group development is a period when the member feel save and feel included in the group, then the storming stage start becoming more genuine and more confrontational. In this stage conflict arise, hostility and infighting it may happen. And some members feel the tasks are unfair some harder and easier, and now the leader should identify the problems and work out for the solutions and looking to satisfied everyones goals. But in this stage the members become more authentic as they state their deeper thoughts and feelings, and start to understand interpersonal styles and effort made by each member to find the method to achieve group goals and in the same way satisfied groups needs. Norming Stage The norming stage at group development, at this stage the group start to come together as a group, and the group members feel more committed to the each other and for the group goals and tasks, and they start to establish their own norms and rules and their goals and operating procedures. Hopefully in this stage the team starts to come together and members tends to be more open, helpful, and respect to each other and they may to share their personal information. At this point need to be carefully managed and the leader should become more of a facilitator by letting the group presume more responsibility for its goals and tasks. Performing stage The performing stage at group development, in this stage the team members should be more mature and willing to solve any complex tasks. In this stage group develop, well functional group, organized, mutual assistant, creativity, understanding goals and roles, and independence, primary challenges should contain to improve relationships and performance. Now the group members are motivated and generally satisfied. Adjourning stage Its an important stage for temporary groups, and its an well integration group which able to disband when its work finished and willing to work together in the future. And in this stage the group closure, symbolism, and they do some ceremonies, and emotional support. Figure 1.2. Stages of a Group Development Model Forming Adjourning Storming Norming Performing Uncertainty about groups, structure and leadership Conflict confrontation among group members Members settle into Team Fully functional and accepted End of team {in case of task} 4- Nature of the group Task There are many tasks that the group asks to perform it but also demand different things on them. The social demands contain relationships; members identify how to achieve the task and agreement. When the group faces a complex and technical task it will require a lot of information processing and solution. And the more the task complex the harder the group to perform more effective. (  [9]  ) However if the group want to achieve goals they have to distribute their efforts broadly and actively, by this the group members will be highly satisfied with each other and accomplishments. 5- Membership characteristics The characteristics of group members its an important inputs which may affect the way the group operates and achievements. The group must have high skills and competencies to solve and perform the problem and talents alone cannot assure good results. In Homogeneous groups, are groups whose members have similar backgrounds, interests, values, and attitude etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. but they still facing the limitation of their collective skills. In Heterogeneous groups, are groups whose members have diverse age, gender, experience, backgrounds, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and there is a wide range of talent and viewpoints for solving problem. But because of this diversity the group members will face difficulties in the short run or early stages of group development by defining problem, share information and deal with interpersonal conflicts .however, research confirms that diversity can be turned into enhanced performance potential. (  [10]  ) The Diversity consensus dilemma refers to a tendency for diversity in group membership to make it harder for people to work together even though diversity itself expands a group problem solving capacity.(  [11]  ) 6- Group Size Group size can also have an influence the on group effectiveness. By having large group members which will help increasing the performance and satisfaction by dividing up the work and accomplish tasks. Anyway, when the group continues growing in size a lots of problems will occur, communication and coordination problems set in, turnover, absenteeism and dissatisfaction. Even logistical matters, like to find a place to meet and also time, the large group will hurt the performance.(  [12]  ) the most effective number of members of group is between five to seven members, the group with less than five its might be so small to share the sufficient responsible. And with group members more than seven it might be hard to participate and offer ideas. And in big group it might be some members tend to act aggressive and to split into coalitions or subgroups.(  [13]  ) groups with odd number it might be more effective and efficient because speed of decision and using majority to resolve disagreements. But when careful discussions are necessary and the emphasis is more on agreement. 7- The Effective management and leadership systems According to the Dr.Rensis Likert whichs did lots of research on human behavior within organization, especially in Industry sector, by establish a effective climate and a system of management that the key of good leadership and he confirmed that to reach the maximum profitability, high productivity and good relationships between the labors the organization have got to make the most advantageous use of their human assets. After he did a research for many years he identified four systems of management: System 1- Exploitive Authoritative System 2- Benevolent Authoritative System 3- Consultative System 4- Participative Exploitive Authoritative In this system the responsible are the high levels of managements and the lower have almost nothing, and the decisions are on subordinates and the communication is very a little and no teamwork. Benevolent Authoritative Leadership is by a condescending form of master-servant trust, Where motivation is primarily rewards, and just the managerial level feels responsible and lower levels do not, and also there is a small communication and teamwork, Consultative leadership is by superiors who have substantial but not complete trust of their subordinates ,where a big amount of workers, especially those at high levels take responsible to accomplishing a organization goals, and some vertical and horizontal communication and a some of teamwork. Participative In this system where Likert found that it is the optimum solution, where the leadership is by superiors which they have full confidence in their subordinates and there are a economics rewards based on achieving the specific goals and high level on communication and significant amount of cooperative teamwork. 8- Characteristics of participative management system Groups work high effectively and linked together by other similar effective groups. High level of confidence between superiors and subordinates by depending and using on them. Superiors always attempt to tap ideas on subordinates and use them to achieve it. Workers feel responsible for organizations goals. High level of communications between groups and individuals to achieve organizations goals. The subordinates feel fully involved the decision making process.(  [14]  ) (  [15]  ) Role ambiguity, role conflict and role overload/ underload its a common problem in groups when the team members feel unclear about their roles or experience conflicting role, and it can be managed when the leaders and team members identifies conflicts and ambiguities role and take procedures to explain role expectations. Role ambiguity arise when the worker feel uncertain or dont know exactly about his or her role. To do jobs perfectly, members should know what is expected from them, and in many new teams because the role ambiguity it create problem like some members work efforts are wasted or unappreciated by others in the team. Even in the mature group the fail to share expectation and listen to each other it may make similar lack of understanding. Role overload Arise when the worker has a lot of work to and too much expected, role under load arise when worker dont work too much, feels underutilized and too little expected. By having clear and realistic expectations about their expected tasks and responsibilities typically the group members will benefit from that. Role conflict Arise when worker cannot meet the expectations of others. The worker understands what tasks and needs to be done but for some reason cannot fulfill, and can also reduce and effect satisfaction and relationships with group members. There are four common forms of the role conflict: Intra-sender role conflict occurs when the same person sends conflicting expectations. Inter-sender role conflict occurs when different people signal conflicting and mutually exclusive expectations. Person-role conflict occurs when ones personal values and needs come into conflict with role expectations. Inter-role conflict occurs when the expectations of two or more roles held by the same individual become incompatible, such as the conflict between work and family demands. (  [16]  ) Lists of References Likert,R.(1961), New Patterns of management, McGrawHill. Likert, R. (1967), The Human Organization: Its Management and Value, McGrawHill.